Aeroplane and the like.



S. L. WALKDEN. AEROPLANE AND THE LIKE. APPLICATION FILED mm. 28. 1910.

1 152,063. Patented Aug. 31, 1915.

INVENTOR mg the surface or a part thereof.

PATENT OFFICE.

SAM LEONARD WALKDEN, OF MUSWELL HILL, LONDON, ENGLAND.

AEROPLANE AND THE LIKE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 31, 1915.

Application filed March 28, 1910. Serial No. 551,954.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it'known that I, SAM LEONARD WALK- DEN, a subject of the King ofGreat Britain, residing at 43 Collingwood avenue, Muswell Hill, in thecounty of London, England, engineer, have invented certain new anduseful Improvements in Aeroplanes and the like, of which the followingis a specification.

The object of this invention is to obviate, by automatically operatingdevices, undue changes of poisein flying machines, and thereby preserveautomatically the stability of movement of the apparatus through thealr.

Complete automatic stability can be obtained if automatically operatingdevices are provided which so cooperate with each other as to resistboth slow and sudden changes of poise, including those changes of poiseassociated with the free oscillations about the mean poise, and theinvention is accordingly characterized by the employment of one or moreof the following parts, which, when used in combination, arecooperatively related :(1) One or more comparatively small and slowlyacting wind operated fans adapted to resist slow and per manent changesof poise of the flying ma chine, so as to determine or help to determinea mean poise and mean relative headway. (2) An aeroplane surface socorrelated with a heavy mass as to resist, or counteract especially whenthe relativeheadway is maintained, sudden change in the plane ofmovement of the flying machine by reason of the tilting inertia of themass causcomparatively large and powerful wind driven fan driving flywheel masses, so as to have fly-wheel energy, and so carried upon themachine as to resist sudden alterations of relative headway and damp outoscillations of poise about the mean poise.

In the accompanying drawings F lgure 1 shows diagrammatically inperspective a glider fitted with the various types of automaticstabilizing devices accordlng to this invention; Fig. 2 is adiagrammatic longitudinal section showing a modified arrangement offlywheel fan'stabilizer; Figs. 3 and 4 similar views showing furthermodifications; Fig. 5 a similar view showing the two types ofstabilizing fans with their associated auxiliary fans; and Fig. 6 a viewof a means of one or more fans of small power (which may be damped byair vanes) op erated by the relative wind or wind relative to themachine, and each so correlated with an aeroplane surface or surfaces(which may, as throughout this specification, be art or parts of a largesurface or surfaces? as to tend to give a definite tilt or deflection tothe associated surface or surfaces, relatively to another aeroplanesurface or surfaces, for a given relative headway of the machine at thepoint where the fan is mounted, and so as to tend to alter this relativetilting of the surfaces on the occurrence of an alteration in therelative headway of the fan. For example, in Fig. 1, a wind operated fani is mounted on the machine, so that, when it is rotated by the relativewind, it Winds the cord j upon the drum 7: and thereby tilts theelevating plane m relatively to the main plane a by means of theyielding or springy longitudinally extending device or arm 0 and thepost at fixed to the arm 0 and attached to the cord j. Normally the fani is at rest maintaining the cord j in tension against the pull of thearm 0 that by its resilience or pressure on the plane at keeps the fanloaded, but on the machine traveling more downward or upward than themean oise for which the apparatus is adjuste the machine increases ordecreases respectively in relative headway, and thereby causes the windoperated fan i to wind up or let down the elevating plane m, relativelyto the main plane a, so as to steer the machine back to the mean poisefrom which it deviated. But, owing to the inertia of the machine,particularly the inertia which may be arranged to resist suddendisturbance of poise, the machine will oscillate past the mean poiseafter recovering from a deviation from the mean poise, and since theseoscillations may increase in amplitude and lead to loss of balance ofthe machine, especially when succeeding gusts happen to synchronize withthe oscillations, it may be necessary for complete stability to providean auxiliary device for damping or destroying these oscillations, suchas the fan f of Fig. 1. As further examples, in Fig. 1, the windoperated fans, g, 9 similar to fan i, are mounted near the deflectablelateral extremities a, a of the main plane a. On the machine, whileflying steadily, being accidentally tilted in its lateral poise, so asto make one lateral extremity higher than the other, and cause themachine to circle awa from the side of the extremity which is higher,the fan 9 near that outer extremity, bein driven by the increasedrelative win at that extremity, turns the drum 9 to wind up or let outthe cord 9 so as to tilt the attached flexible aeroplane surface orarticulated elevator it relatively to the other parts of the plane a anda, and thereby produce a righting torque operating to restore thehorizontal lateral poise. It will be understood that the fan 9 at thelower lateral extremity of the machine, when the machine is tilted inits lateral poise, will by reason of the reduced relative wind at thatextremity, let down or wind up and tilt its aeroplane surface hrelatively to the other aeroplane surface It at the higher extremity, soas further to increase the lateral righting torque.

It will be further seen that, by reason of the cord connections a:passing across the machine and constituting portions of the connectionsbetween the two surfaces h, h,.

on one surface being deflected down (as by Wind pressure or by a fan orby the manual control lever y) the other surface tends to be pulled up,as advantageous for the lateral control; and that in the springs aninterposed in the cord connections between the surfaces It and h, meansare exemplified whereby simultaneously with their difl'erentialdeflection for lateral control, the two surfaces h, It may have asuperimposed deflection up or down, both together, asadvantageous forthe longitudinal control. In so determining the deflections theconnectlons will also be seen to determine the wind PIESSUIGS on thesurfaces.

The same fans g, g may alternately or additionally be arranged to tilt alongitudinally disposed vertical surface to restore lateral equilibrium.As shown in Fig. 1, each fan 9 is arranged to wind up a suitably guidedcord as on the drum 9' so as to pull on the arm 6' attached to plane b,and thereby tend to deflect the rear part of the flexible elevated planeI) away from the lateral extremity of the machine on which the fan ismounted. If, for example, the machine should now tilt up on the rightand down on the left, the associated circling movement of the machine,to the left, will make the right hand and higher fan travel faster thanthe left hand and lower fan, so that the right hand fan will prevailover the other and tilting the rear portion of the flexible plane 6 tothe left will cause the relatlve wind to press on the left of b so as tohelp to restore the lateral poise through the leverage of the standard aon which the plane I) is mounted. Moreover, the plane I),

eing now deflected as described, is deflected with respect to thevertical tail plane on, and so produces a torque tending to steer themachine away from the lower left-hand side and thereby further promotesthe lateral self-righting torque.

In order to resist sudden disturbance of poise, a heavy concentratedmass is carried upon the machine, forwardly of a main or auxiliaryaeroplane surface, so that on a gust attacking the machine and tendingto raise it as Well as to raise the aeroplane surface forwardly of whichthe mass is placed, the mass, by reason of its inertia resistance tobeing accelerated upward, causes a sufficiently counteractingdownsteering deflection of its connected aeroplane surface relatively toanother aeroplane surface, which latter surface is preferably ayieldinglyheld rear elevator normally compensating the tendency of themass to depress the nose of the aeroplane. For example in Fig. 1, rodsor other supporting frames or members d projectingforwardly from thewarp able or otherwise deflectable aeroplane surfaces a carry at theirouter ends a heavy mass or masses 6. On a gust suddenly tending todisturb the machine and cause it to move upwardly or downwardly from itsthen plane of movement, each heavy mass e resists by its inertia theupward or downward deviation, and this inertia also tends to deflect thecorresponding extremity a of the surface a relatively to the portions ofsurface a near the longitudinal axis of the machine, and so deflect thewhole main plane surface a in a downsteering or 'upsteering sense,respectively, relatively to the rearwardly yielding surfaces m and 72.so as further to counteract the disturbing efi'ect of the gust. Sincethis upward and downward steering efl'ect becomes less effective or eveninoperative in the absence of considerable headway relative to the air,and since rear gusts have the effect of reducing and even reversing therelative headway, it is necessary, for complete stability, to providemeans for resisting sudden loss of headway, such as the fan f in Fig. 1.The masses e of this figure not only act together as described to resistsudden change of the longitudinal plane of movement of the machine, butin the event of the gust tending to tilt one side of the machine, as forinstance the left side, upward or downward. the mass 6 at the left handside of the machine deflects or warps its extremity a, of the main planea downward or upward relatively to the central parts of the main planeand plane h, so as to resist the suddriven fans generally and preferablyleftwings of the main plane or other equilibrating force. Instead of twoor more flywheels a single small flywheel may be used in this manner. Itis to be understood that such fans, driving flywheels, also act toassist the general stability of the aeroplane by resisting changes inrelative headway, and when placed toward the lateral extremities of theaeroplane they assist the lateral stabilit by resisting change ofrelative headway of the lateral extremities and by resisting, inconsequence, the commencement of the circling or wheeling of theaeroplane which militates against the recovery of lateral poise.

In Fig. 1 is shown, by way of example, a gyroscopic flywheel 21. mountedat the lateral extremity of the main plane a and adapted to be rotatedleft-handedly, as viewed from above, by the wind-driven fan u by meansof the shaft 1& which may be of a flexible nature. In addition to actingin the manner of fan f in promoting stability, this gyroscopic flywheelu resists change of lateral poise by warping the wing a to which it isattached, upwardly or downwardly by gyroscopic precession according towhether the lateral poise is tilting left-handedly or righthandedly asviewed from behind the glider. A similar gyroscopic flywheel may be usedat the other lateral extremity.

In order to damp out or destroy the oscillations of poise about the meanpoise, which oscillations are due to the inertia of the machine carryingit past the mean poise determined by the device that resists slow andpermanent change of poise, and in order to help to preserve sufiicientheadway in suddent rear gusts to keep in operation the other up-and-downsteering appliances, a freely revolving wind-driven fan of considerablepower and provided with means such as flywheel masses (which may berigidly attached to the fan) adapted to absorb and give out considerableflywheel energy, is journaled upon the machine and preferably in anelevated position above an aeroplane surface. When the machine pointsdownward or upward in its oscillations about the mean poise, so as totend to gain or lose relative headway respectively,

this fan is prevented by its flywheel effect from an equally rapidacceleration or retardation of its speed of rotation, so that it resiststhe increase or decrease in the relative headway of the machine andthereby resists the continuation of the oscillation, so far as suchcontinuation depends on the machine acquiring such increased ordiminished headway as will not permit it to remain at its mean poisewhen reached. Further, on a rear gust tending to overtake the machine soas to tend to reduce or even reverse its relative headway and therebyrender inoperative the upward and downward steering effects of the heavymass for resisting sudden changes, and the small fan for resisting slowchanges of poise, the large fan has retardation of its speed of rotationresisted by its stored flywheel energy so as to itself resist and reducethe loss of headway of the machine due to the rear gust.

For example, in Fig. 1, the freely revolving wind driven fan f, ofconsiderable power and provided with heavy masses f at its blade tips,so that it is endued with considerable flywheel eifect, is journaled atthe top of the standard 0 in an elevated position above the aeroplanesurface a. On the machine pointing steeply downward or upward during itsoscillations of poise and therefore tending to gain or lose headwayrespectively, the fan f resists such acceleration or retardation ofheadway in consequence of the flywheel masses f resisting accelerationor retardation of the speed of rotation of the fan f and in rightingitself to its mean poise through the action of fan 2?, the glider hasless tendency to oscillate past the mean poise, in consequence of theincrease or decrease of headway having been resisted by fan f. Moreover,in consequence of the fan 7 being carried in the elevated position asshown in Fig. 1, the backward and forward thrusts given by the fan, andits resistance to accelerations and retardations of headway, in actingthrough the leverage of standard a, tend to deflect the aeroplanesurface a, relatively to the surfaces m and h, in an upsteering or downsteering sense respectively, and also to deflect the whole machine inthe same senses, so as to resist further the changes of head- Way andthe associated changes of poise or oscillations that succeeding gustsmight otherwise amplify. The fan f not only resists oscillations asdescribed, but when a rear gust tends to overtake the machine and sotends to reduce or even reverse its headway and render the up and downsteering actions of fan i and masses e inoperative, the fan f has itsloss of speed of rotation resisted by its flywheel effect so as toitself resist the loss of headway of the machine and thereby maintainthe stabilizing efliciencies of fan i and the masses 6 and associatedsurfaces during the rear gust.

Though it is preferable that the flywheel fan should have its flywheelmass rigidly attached to it, it may be provided with a. flywheel mass towhich it is geared as, for example, in Fig. 1, where the fan f drivesthe oppositely rotating flywheels f by means of the pulleys a, belt aand bevel wheels a shown in the drawing. Such flywheelmass, rotated byawind driven fan or fans, instead of being balanced as the flywheels f ofFig. 1, may, if preferred, be carried s0 that its gyroscopic action aidsthe stability in any known manner. For example, in Fig. l the winddriven fan u is shown driving the horizontal flywheel u left-handedly asviewed from above, by means of the flexible shaft u and bevel gearing atthe ends of the shaft. On a sudden gust tending to tilt the machine upon that side and thereby tilt the plane of the flywheel left-handedly asviewed from the front of the machine, the plane of the flywheel, inaccordance with the dynamical properties exhibited by gyroscopes,endeavors to tilt right-handedly as viewed from the center of themachine, and thereby resists the tilting of the machine both by tiltingthe defiectable end a of the main plane a downward in front, so as toreduce or even reverse its lift, and by ofl'ering a direct gyroscopicresistance to the lateral disturbing torque on the machine through beingpermitted to tilt in a fore and aft direction. As shown in the drawing,the flywheel mass not only acts as above described, but, by reason ofits forward position on the rod 0?, and its inertia, acts similarly tothe mass 6, which it aids, and for which it may be used as a substitute.Instead of directly tilting the main plane, the flywheel may obviouslybe arranged to tilt an auxiliary plane and referably an auxiliarylateral tail elevating plane that by suitable leverage over the mainplane effects the warping of the main plane and so raises or lowers oneside of the ship relatively to the other. Though only one winddrivenflywheel u is shown, a similar flywheel may be used at the other lateralextremity of the flying machine to aid the one shown in resistingdisturbance of the poise of the machine.

When the machine is fitted with a power driven propeller, so as toconstitute a power driven aeroplane, the damping effect of suchpropeller upon the oscillations and its resistance to loss of headway(especially when the rotating parts connected to the propeller are heavyand the engines torque does not decrease with decrease in its speed ofrotation) may be sufiicient to render a solely wind-driven flywheel fanunnecessary for complete stability.

Though only one wind-driven flywheel fan has been described, and shownin Fig. 1, a plurality of such fans may be used upon the glider.

In the modified arrangement of winddriven fan stabilizer showndiagrammatically in Fig. 2, the fan f is journaled on a standard amounted directly on a forward tilting plane a and is geared with a flywheel f carried by a depending bracket and serving to counterpoise thefan so as to bring the center of gravity of the fan and its accessoriescoplanar with the normal horizontal position of the plane (L2. Theresistance to change of translational velocity of the fan f causes theplane a to be tilted when the longitudinal poise is disturbed.

In Fig. 3, the standard 0 is pivotally supported at c on a bracket rigidwith the main frame and balanced by a counterweight and is connected bya link 0 and an arm a with the front plane o The rear plane a may befixed or it may be linked with the front plane a so as to beautomatically tilted simultaneously therewith although not necessarilyin the same sense or to the same extent. As before, the plane or planesare tilted when the longitudinal poise is changed on account of theresistance to change of translational velocity offered by the fan.

In Fig. 4 the fan f mounted on a standard a rigid with the main frame,drives the flywheel f through a belt and differential gear and therebyopposes oscillation of the longitudinal plane of movement of the ship.The differential gear consists of the usual two oppositely rotatingbevel wheels p, one rotated by the fan and the other connected to rotatewith the flywheel, and between these bevel wheels, and transmitting thenecessary power between them is a pair of pinions mounted in a cage orframe 7 79 that may rotate or oscillate coaxially with the bevel wheels,one way or the other according to whether the fans or the flywheelsbevel wheel is rotating the faster. This cage or frame p is connected tothe elevating plane a by the link f so that on the fan and its bevelwheel tending to overtake the flywheel and its bevel wheel, as when theaeroplane sweeps downward and gathers speed, the consequent rotation ofthe cage carrying the pinions tilts the elevating plane a in a manner tocounteract the downward movement of the aeroplane. It will be evidentthat this fan device does nothing of itself to determine the mean planeof movement and poise of the aeroplane, but only damps out or resistsoscillations about the mean oise because these oscillations areassociate with accelerations of headway that excite the counteractingsteering movements of the device. figure, therefore, also illustratesthe device for opposin slow and permanent change of the longitu inalplane of movement of the ship which may act in unison with the de- Thevice for opposing more sudden change of its quick rotation.

strong head gust.

one end, and at the other end is connected through a tension spring 9with another cord 1) which is lapped around the axle of an elevatingplane, such as 0?, and connected at its other end through a tensionspring 9 with a fixed point or with a hand-operated winding device 1) bywhich the tension of the cords and springs may be varied so as to changeor adjust the persistent mean poise of the plane.

In the modification shown in Fig. 6, the fan i which resists slow andpermanent changes of poise and relative headway, is damped by air vanes6 that resist its quick rotation, and is mounted upon the multiple cord9 so as to twist and shorten the cord,

and pull on the spring 9 and thereby wind up the tail rod 0 and tailplane m in similar manner and circumstances to those in which fan i ofFig. 1 wound up its elevating plane m. Fig. 6 also shows a fan i" ofsimilar character to fan i but of weaker and opposite tilting power onthe plane at for given increases in the relative headway, and havingless resistance, such as air vanes, to On a sudden strong transient headgust striking the glider, the quicker acting fan 71 momentarily tilts ortends to tilt the plane m in a downsteering sense relative to plane abefore the slower acting fan 2' has had time to overpower it, andthereby counteracts the tendency which fan i has to disturb the poise ina sudden A similar effect to that produced by the fan 2' may, however,be obtained alternatively or additionally by combining with the mainplane a a comparatively rigid downsteering surface or surfaces as byforming the main plane a in Fig. 6 with downwardly curved front cornersa at its lateral extremities. Using the front edges of the lateralextremities of the aeroplane in this manner has the additional advantageof aiding the lateral stability by producing a righting torque when themachine leans and circles to the side it leans to, and when such planesare additionally warped by hand or otherwise, especially if more warpedon the side requiring lowering, as by means of cranked levers, there mabe no necessity to steer the ship by a ru der to the side which is beinglowered as has been found necessary in known systems of warping theplanes. Alternatively, instead of using the front edges of theaeroplane, auxiliary downsteering planes may be used at the lateralextremities with similar advantage. Fig. 6 also shows a flywheel fan fcarried below the aeroplane surface a so as to tend to tilt that surfacein the opposite sense to the fan f above the surface, but it isadvantageous in this arrangement to have the fan f with less flywheelenergy than the fan f so that it only effectively opposes the tiltingaction of fan f momentarily in a sudden strong head gust.

Referring to Fig. 5, a is a front elevating plane and 0, a rigidlymounted supporting plane; is a wind-driven fan which may be of smallpower but is either itself loaded so as to act as its own flywheel andhave considerable fly wheel energy or is geared with a flywheel, and fis a larger fan which has less flywheel energy than the fan f. Thesefans are mounted and linked with the elevating plane a? so that fan ftilts the plane a to steer the ship upward on the occur rence of asudden transient head gust, while fan f produces a down-steering effect.This down-steering effect momentarily reduces 30 or overpowers theup-steering effect of fan f, so that the upward sweep of the ship on theoccurrence of the head gust is retarded and it may even be preceded by amomentary downward sweep. 35

As shown in the drawing the fans f, f are journaled on a normallyvertical rod or frame 0, the former above and the other below a fixedfulcrum 0, about which the frame 0 can rock in a fore and aft verticalplane. A link 0 attached to the frame a above the fulcrum may beconnected directly with an arm a projecting upward from the plane a? orits pivot, or as shown in Fig. 5, it may be connected with this arm athrough a link r and a second link 8 pivoted at r to the link r, whichmay itself be pivoted at r on a part 1* suitably carried by the machine,which part may have the form of a guided handle by which the pivot r andthe link 8 may be shifted whereby the plane a? may be tilted by handindependently of and without interfering with the action of the fans f,f,

z and i", or whereby the amount of tilt of the aeroplane surface may beadjusted for a given wind pressure on the fan.

The wind-driven fan which is of the type designed to prevent slow andperma nent change of longitudinal poise, is arranged for example to winda multiple cord Q connected at one end to a fixed point and at the otherend through a spring q to a point on the frame 0 above the fulcrum c.This fan i is of greater tilting power than the associated downsteeringfan 2' and is suitably damped, as by means of the air vanes i. Thedown-steering fan i" which need only be of small tilting power and iscomparatively undamped, is mounted in a similar manner to the fan i towind a multiple cord 9 connected through spring 9 to a point of theframe 0 below the fulcrum 0.

Though only three yieldingly attached auxiliary planes h, h and m areshown in Fig. 1, any number of such planes may be attached to the mainplane at any distance from the axis of the machine, especially when themain plane is warpable.

Having now described the nature of my said invention and the best meansI know of carrying the same into practical effect, I claim 1. In aflying machine, the combination of a deflectable wing surface on theleft-hand side and a similar one on the right-hand side, an elevatorsurface connected in and to the rear of the left-hand defiectable wingsurface and deflectable relatively thereto and a similar elevatorsurface connected in and to the rear of the right-hand deflectable wingsurface and deflectable relatively thereto, and connections across themachine and between the two elevator surfaces by means of which on oneelevator being deflected downward relatively to its deflectable wingsurface the other elevator tends to be pulled up relatively to itsdefiectable wing surface, said connections being also such as allow ofboth elevators moving up or down together simultaneously with theirdifferential deflections.

2. In a flying machine having wings extending to the eft and right ofits longitudinal axis, the combination of a heavy mass, a longitudinallydisposed rod-like frame on the lefthand wing and a similar one on theright-hand wing connected through their forward ends to the heavy mass,an aeroplane surface attached to the rear of each frame, each frame andsurface adapted to turn about a transverse axis to different angles ofincidence with respect to the other frame and surface, a secondaeroplane surface articulated at the rear of each frame and sodeflectable with respect to the first surface on the same frame, andconnections determining the deflection and consequent wind pressure oneach second surface.

3. In a flying machine having wings extending to the left and right ofits longitudinal axis, the combination of a heavy mass, a longitudinallydisposed rod-like frame on the left-hand wing and a similar one on theright-hand wing connected through their forward ends to the heavy mass,an aeroplane surface attached to the rear of each frame, each frame andsurface adapted to turn about a transverse axis to different angles ofincidence with respect to the other frame and surface, a secondaeroplane surface articulated at the rear of each frame and sodeflectable with respect to the second surface on the other frame, andconnections across the machine and between the two second surfaces bymeans of which on one second surface being deflected downward relativelyto its first surface, the other second surface-may be pulled uprelatively to its first surface.

4. In a flying machine having wings extending to the left and right ofits longitudinal axis. the combination of a heavy mass, a longitudinallydisposed rod-like frame on the left-hand wing and a similar one on theright-hand wing connected through their forward ends to the heavy mass,an aeroplane surface attached to the rear of each frame, each frame andsurface adapted to turn about a transverse axis to different angles ofincidence with respect to the other frame and surface, a secondaeroplane surface articulated at the rear of each frame and sodeflectable with respect to the first surface on the same frame and alsowith respect to the second surface on the other frame, and connectionsacross the machine and between the two second surfaces by means of whichon one second surface being deflected downward relatively to its firstsurface the other second surface may be pulled up relatively to itsfirst surface, the said connections being also adapted to allow asuperimposed deflection of both second surfaces up or down togetherrelatively to their first surfaces.

5. In a flying machine having wings extending to the left and right ofits longitudinal axis, the combination of a heavy mass on the left-handwing and a similar heavy mass on the right-hand wing, a longitudinallydisposed rod-like frame on the lefthand wing and a similar one on therighthand wing each connected through its forward end to thecorresponding heavy mass, an aeroplane surface attached to the rear ofeach frame, each frame and surface adapted to turn about a transverseaxis to different angles of incidence with respect to the other frameand surface, a second aeroplane surface articulated at the rear of eachframe and so deflectable with respect to the first surface on the sameframe, and connections determining the deflection and consequent windressure on each second surface.

6. n a flying machine having wings extending to the left and right ofits longitudinal axis, the combination of a heavy mass on the left-handwing and a similar heavy mass on the right-hand wing, a longitudinallydisposed rod-like frame on the left-hand wing and a similar one on theright-hand wing each connected through its forward end to thecorresponding heavy mass, an aeroplane surface attached to the rear ofeach frame, each frame and surface ada ted to turn about a transverseaxis to di erent angles of incidence with respect to the other frame andsurface, a second aeroplane surface articulated at the rear of eachframe and so defiectable with respect to the first surface on the sameframe and also with respect to the second surface on the other frame,and connections across the machine and between the two surfaces by meansof which on one second surface being deflected downward relatively toits first surface the other second surface may be pulled up relativelyto its first surface. I

, matically operatin 7. In a flying machine having wings extending tothe left and right of its longitudinal axis, the combination of a heavymass on the left-hand wing and a similar heavy mass on the right-handwing, a longitudinally disposed rod-like frame on the left-hand wing anda similar one on the right-hand wing each connected through its forwardend to the corresponding heavy mass, an aeroplane surface attached tothe rear of each frame, each frame and surface adapted to turn about atransverse axis to different angles of incidence with respect to theother frame and surface, a second aeroplane surface articulated at therear of each frame and so deflectable with respect to the first surfaceon the same frame and also with respect to the second surface on theother frame, and connections across the machine and between the twosecond surfaces by means of which on one second surface being deflecteddownward relatively to its first surface the other second surface may bepulled up relatively to its first surface, the said connections beingalso adapted to allow a superimposed deflection of both second surfacesup or down together relatively to their first surfaces.

8. In a flying machine, an automatically operated stabilizing system,comprising in combination an aeroplane surface, a freely revolvingWind-driven fan mounted on the machine, flywheel masses rotated by thefan and thereby opposing sudden changes of speed in the fan, and meanscorrelated with the surface and operable ,by the fan to tilt thesurface.

9; In a flying machine, the combination of an aeroplane surface, awind-operated fan mounted on the machine, a device autoto balance theaverage wind pressure tending to rotate the fan, and means operated,bythe fan to tilt the aeroplane surface when the momentary balance ,isdisturbed.

10. In a flying machine, the combination of an aeroplane surface, a windoperated fan mounted on the machine, a resilient device automaticallyoperating to balance the average wind pressure tending to rotate thefan,

and means operated by the fan to tilt the areoplane surface when themomentary balance is'disturbed.

11. In a flying machine, the combination of an aeroplane surface, awind-operated fan mounted on the machine, a device automaticallyoperating to balance the average wind pressure tending to rotate thefan, means operated by the fan to tilt the aeroplane surface when themomentary balance between the fan and the device is disturbed, and meansfor adjusting the device and the amount of tilt of the aeroplane surfacefor avgiven wind pressure on the fan.

12. In a flying machine, an aeroplane sur.

face, a, wind-driven fan, mechanism correlated with the surface andoperable by the fan to tilt the surface, a second wind-driven fan andmeans operable by the second fan to tilt the said surface in a directionopposite to that in which the surface is tilted by the first fan. a

13. In a flying machine, an aeroplane surface, a wind driven fan, meanscorrelated with the fan and operating to oppose automatically suddenchanges of speed in the fan, means correlated with the surface andoperable by the fan to tilt the surface, a second Wind-driven fan andmeans operable by the second fan to tilt the said surface in a directionopposite to that in which the surface is tilted by the first fan.

14. In a flying machine,an aeroplane surface, a vertical wind-driven fanhaving flywheel efi'ect, means correlated with the said surface andadapted to be operated, by the fan to tilt the said surface and means,comprising a second vertical wind-driven fan correlated with the saidfirst wind-driven fan, adapted to oppose momentarily the tilt ing actionof the said first fan on the occurrence of sudden changes in relativeheadway of the aeroplane.

15. In a flying machine, the combination of an inclined aeroplanesurface tending to steer the machine downwardly. a wind-open ated fan, ayieldingly mounted aeroplane surface, means connected with the lattersurface and operable by the fan to tilt the said latter surface andthereby o ose the downsteering of the first said surface.

16. In a flying machine, a main frame, a wind operated fan mounted inthe locality of each lateral extremity of the frame, means automaticallyoperating to balance the average wind ressure tending to rotate eachfan, a deflecta le aeroplane surface in the proximity of each fan, andmeans operatively connected with each aeroplane surface, adapted to beoperated by the corresponding fan to tilt the respective aeroplanesurface when the momentary balance between the fan and said balancingmeans is disturbed.-

17. In a flying machine, a main frame, a wind operated fan in thelocality of each lateral extremity of the frame, a longitudinallydisposed vertical surface, and means to deflect the vertical surfaceabout a vertical axis and thereby promote stability of the aeropIanesaid means comprising mechanisms operated by the fans and operatingmembers connecting the mechanisms and the vertical surface.

18. In a flying machine, a horizontally acting wind-driven fan, anaeroplane surface, a pivot, a link centered on the pivot connected withthe surface and the fan, an adapted to be turned by the fan about thepivot to tilt the said surface.

19. In a flying machine, a horizontally acting wind-driven fan, anaeroplane surface, a movable mounted pivot, a link centered on thepivot, connected with the surface and the fan and adapted to be turnedabout the pivot by the fan and thereby tilt the said surface, andmeansconnected with the pivot and adapted to be manually operated toshift the pivot and the link and thereby tilt the surface independentlyof the fan.

20. In a flying machine, a main frame, a wind-driven fan, a flywheelrotated by the fan and journaled to have a normal plane of rotationrelative to the main frame and adapted to tilt and thereby alter itslane of 15 rotation, a deflectable aeroplane sur ace correlated with theflywheel and adapted to be tilted by the flywheel when a change in theplane of rotation occurs whereby stability of movement of the flyingmachine is promoted.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

SAM LEONARD WALKDEN.

Witnesses:

JOSEPH MILLARD, J. W. PATCHING.

Corrections in Letters Patent No. 1,152,063.

It is hereby certified that in Letters Patent No. 1,152,063, grantedAugust 31,

1915, upon the application of Sam Leonard Walkden, of Muswell Hill,London,

England, for an improvement in Aeroplanes and the Like, errors appear inthe printed specification requiring correction as follows: Page 1, line37, strike out. the

word "tilting"; same page, lines 37*38, after the word causing" insertthe words tilting of; and that the said Letters Patent should he readwith these corrections therein that the same may conform to the recordof the case in the Patent Oflice.

Signed and sealed this 18th day of January, A. D., 1916.

[SEAL] J. T. NEWTON,

Acting Commissioner of Patents. Cl. 24429.

